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1.
Salud Publica Mex ; 62(6): 829-839, 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1395119

ABSTRACT

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de lesiones accidentales no fatales en población mexicana y analizar los factores individuales, ambientales y del hogar asociados con su ocurrencia. Material y métodos: Se analizó la prevalencia de lesiones accidentales a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2018-19, diseñada con un muestreo probabilístico, estratificado y por conglomerados, en tres etapas. Se evaluó mediante regresión logística su asociación con distintas variables independientes. Resultados: La prevalencia de lesiones accidentales fue de 4.5% (IC95%: 4.2-4.7), equivalente a 5.6 millones de personas. De ellas, 22.3% o 1.2 millones sufrieron consecuencias permanentes en su estado de salud. La posibilidad de tener una lesión accidental fue mayor en región Norte, Centro y Ciudad de México-Estado de México, en hombres de 0 a 59 años, mujeres de 60 o más años, en personas con alguna discapacidad y en quienes reportaron sentir depresión. Conclusión: Es necesario y urgente reforzar la prevención de lesiones accidentales, especialmente en grupos vulnerables.


Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of non-fatal unintentional injuries in Mexican population and to analyze individual, environmental and household factors associated with its occurrence. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study, analyzed the prevalence of unintentional injuries from Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut 2018-19), which is a nationally representative health survey designed with a probability, stratified and cluster sampling, in three stages. Association with variables of interest was explored using logistic regression analysis. Results: Prevalence of non-fatal unintentional injuries was 4.5% (IC95%: 4.2-4.7), equivalent to 5.6 million people per year. Of them, 22.3% or 1.2 million suffered permanent consequences. Probability of having unintentional injuries was higher in the North and Center regions, as in Mexico City-State of Mexico; in males from 0 to 59 and females of 60 or more years of age, in people living with disabilities and those who self-reported depression symptoms. Conclusions: Strengthening unintentional injury prevention is necessary and urgent, especially within vulnerable groups of population.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Surveys , Mexico/epidemiology
2.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 52: 67, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-962265

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the progress towards the accomplishment of the expected goal in the middle of the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020 in Mexico and its states. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of road traffic deaths in Mexico between 1999 and 2015. We projected the trend for the period 2011-2020 using a time series analysis (autoregressive integrated moving average models). We used the value of the Aikaike Information Criterion to determine the best model for the national level and its 32 states. RESULTS Mexico is progressing, approaching the proposed goal, which translates into 10,856 potentially prevented deaths in the five-year period from 2011 to 2015. This was due to a decrease in the number of deaths of motor vehicle occupants, as the deaths of pedestrians and motorcyclists were higher than expected. At least one third of the states had values below their goal; although the mortality rate remains unacceptably high in five of them. We identified four states with more deaths than those originally projected and other states with an increasing trend; thus, both cases need to strengthen their prevention actions. CONCLUSIONS The analysis can allow us to see the progress of the country in the middle of the Decade of Action, as well as identify the challenges in the prevention of traffic injuries in vulnerable users. It contributes with elements that provide a basis for a need to rethink both the national goal and the goal of the different states.


RESUMEN OBJETIVO Analizar el avance de la meta esperada a mitad del Decenio de Acción para la Seguridad Vial 2011-2020 en México y sus entidades federativas. MÉTODOS Análisis secundario de las muertes por accidentes de tránsito en México para el 1999-2015. Se proyectó la tendencia para el periodo 2011-2020 utilizando análisis de series de tiempo (modelos autorregresivos integrados de medias móviles). Se utilizó el valor del Criterio de Información de Aikaike para determinar el mejor modelo para el nivel nacional y sus 32 entidades federativas. RESULTADOS México va avanzando cercano a la meta propuesta, lo que se ha traducido en 10,856 defunciones potencialmente prevenidas en el quinquenio 2011 a 2015. Esto ha sido a expensas de una disminución en el número de muertes de ocupantes de vehículos de motor; ya que las muertes en peatones y motociclistas han ido por arriba de lo que se esperaba. Al menos una tercera parte de las entidades federativas tuvo el número de defunciones por debajo de su meta; aunque en cinco de ellas la tasa de mortalidad continúa inaceptablemente alta. Se identificaron cuatro entidades con más muertes que las proyectadas originalmente y otras con tendencia al incremento donde se requiere, para ambos casos, fortalecer las acciones de prevención. CONCLUSIONES El análisis realizado permite observar los avances del país a mitad del Decenio de Acción, así como identificar los retos en materia de prevención de lesiones causadas por el tránsito en usuarios vulnerables. Aporta elementos para soportar la necesidad de replantear tanto la meta nacional como la de las distintas entidades federativas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Accidents, Traffic/trends , Safety Management/trends , Accident Prevention/trends , Time Factors , Accidents, Traffic/mortality , Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control , Safety Management/statistics & numerical data , Motor Vehicles/statistics & numerical data , Spatio-Temporal Analysis , Accident Prevention/statistics & numerical data , Mexico/epidemiology
3.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 41: 82, 2017. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-961695

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Objetivo Realizar un diagnóstico de la normativa federal y estatal para determinar en qué medida se siguen las recomendaciones en materia de seguridad vial para distintos factores de riesgo y factores protectores. Métodos Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los distintos ordenamientos jurídicos federales y de las 32 entidades federativas de México en el tema de la seguridad vial. Se identificaron aquellas que tenían disposiciones sobre los principales factores de riesgo (exceso de velocidad, alcohol y conducción, uso de celular al conducir) y protectores de lesiones causadas por el tránsito (uso de casco, uso de cinturón de seguridad y uso de sistemas de retención infantil) y se analizó si estas eran adecuadas, con base en las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud/Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OMS/OPS). Además, se describen los tipos de sanciones empleados en dichos ordenamientos. Resultados Poco menos de 10% de las entidades analizadas cuentan con normatividad específica para los seis factores protectores y de riesgo analizados. Se observó que el factor de riesgo "alcohol y conducción" y el factor protector "uso de casco" son los que están más considerados en las leyes estatales. Solo en dos entidades federativas (estados) la normatividad es adecuada: en Zacatecas (en el tema de velocidad) y en Jalisco (cinturón de seguridad, sistemas de retención infantil y uso de casco). La sanción aplicada con mayor frecuencia es la multa económica. Conclusiones Es fundamental y prioritario impulsar leyes integrales que contemplen disposiciones adecuadas que aborden criterios técnicos y científicos de protección y prevención, así como los mecanismos apropiados para vigilar, regular y sancionar.


ABSTRACT Objective Study federal and state regulations to determine to what extent road safety recommendations are followed with regard to different risk factors and protective factors. Methods A descriptive analysis was made of the legal frameworks for road safety at the federal level and in the 32 Mexican states, identifying those that had regulations respecting the main risk factors (speeding, drinking and driving, and cellphone use while driving) and the main protective factors against road injuries (helmet use, seat belt use, and use of child restraint systems). The adequacy of these regulations was analyzed on the basis of Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) recommendations. The types of sanctions prescribed in these regulations are also described. Results Slightly less than 10% of the entities studied had specific regulations respecting the six protective and risk factors considered. It was noted that "drinking and driving" and "helmet use" are, respectively, the risk factor and protective factor most commonly included in state laws. Adequate regulations were found in only two states: Zacatecas (regarding speeding) and Jalisco (seat belts, child restraint systems, and helmet use). Monetary fines are the most frequently applied sanction. Conclusions It is a key priority to promote comprehensive laws with provisions that adequately address technical and scientific criteria for protection and prevention, as well as appropriate mechanisms for monitoring, regulation, and sanctions.


RESUMO Objetivo Realizar um diagnóstico da regulamentação federal e estadual para determinar em que medida são cumpridas as recomendações de segurança viária com relação a diferentes fatores de risco e de proteção. Métodos Foi conduzida uma análise descritiva das disposições jurídicas federais e das 32 entidades federativas do México em segurança viária. Foram identificadas as entidades que dispunham de regulamentação legal sobre os principais fatores de risco (excesso de velocidade, consumo de álcool antes de dirigir, uso de celular ao dirigir) e fatores de proteção para acidentes de trânsito (uso de capacete, cinto de segurança e dispositivos de retenção infantil) e analisada sua adequação segundo as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde/Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OMS/OPAS). Além disso, são descritos os tipos de sanções aplicadas nestas disposições. Resultados Quase 10% das entidades analisadas dispõem de legislação específica para os seis fatores de risco e de proteção analisados. Observou-se que o fator de risco "consumo de álcool antes de dirigir" e o fator de proteção "uso de capacete" são os mais frequentemente incluídos na legislação estadual. A legislação é adequada em apenas duas entidades federativas (estados): Zacatecas (velocidade de condução) e Jalisco (uso de cinto de segurança, dispositivos de retenção infantil e capacete). A sanção aplicada com maior frequência é a multa. Conclusões É fundamental e prioritário promover uma legislação abrangente contendo disposições adequadas que abordem critérios técnicos e científicos de proteção e prevenção bem como mecanismos apropriados de monitoramento, regulação e cumprimento da legislação.


Subject(s)
Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control , Accident Prevention , Legislation as Topic , Mexico
4.
Salud pública Méx ; 58(4): 412-420, jul.-ago. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-795412

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la potencial subestimación de la mortalidad por lesiones de tránsito en las entidades federativas de México para un periodo de 15 años. Se buscó identificar variables sociales y económicas de cada entidad federativa que pudieran estar potencialmente asociadas con la calidad de la clasificación estadística de las defunciones. Material y métodos: Análisis secundario de bases de mortalidad, periodo 1999-2013. Mediante modelos de imputación múltiple, se identificaron los registros que pudieran ser muertes atribuidas al tránsito y se realizó un análisis de correlación simple. Resultados: La subestimación de defunciones por lesiones de tránsito durante el periodo fue de 18.85%, con importantes variaciones por entidad federativa. No hubo evidencia de que existiera asociación de alguna variable con el porcentaje de subestimación de la mortalidad. Conclusiones: La clasificación de la mortalidad es diferente en las entidades federativas. Esta información es de gran utilidad para focalizar intervenciones que permitan mejorar el registro de las defunciones en el país.


Abstract: Objective: To estimate the potential underestimation of mortality from traffic injuries at the subnational level in Mexico for a period of 15 years and to identify social and economic variables at the state level that could potentially be associated with the quality of statistical classification of deaths. Materials and methods: Secondary analysis of validated mortality databases for the period 1999-2013 was conducted. Using multiple imputation models, registries that could potentially be attributed to road traffic deaths were estimated and the potential underestimation of mortality due to this external cause was quantified. A simple correlation analysis was carried out. Results: The potential underestimation of deaths from traffic injuries during the period was 18.85% at the national level, with significant variations by state. From the data analyzed, there was no statistical evidence of any association of the percentage of road traffic deaths underestimation with the variables analyzed. Conclusions: Performance in terms of mortality classification is different at the state level in Mexico. This information is useful for targeting interventions to improve the recording of deaths in the country.


Subject(s)
Humans , Accidents, Traffic/mortality , Socioeconomic Factors , Death Certificates/legislation & jurisprudence , International Classification of Diseases , Retrospective Studies , Cause of Death , Databases, Factual , Mexico/epidemiology , Models, Theoretical
5.
Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud Pública ; 32(3): 275-281, sep.-dic. 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-724965

ABSTRACT

Los atropellamientos son un problema de Salud Pública enMéxico. Representan más del 40% de las muertes reportadascomo lesiones causadas por el tránsito (lct). En zonasurbanas representan hasta el 60% de las lct. Objetivo:caracterizar y analizar algunas zonas donde se concentrabantanto las muertes como los lesionados por atropellamientoen Cuernavaca, México. Metodología: desde un estudiodescriptivo-retrospectivo se planearon y ejecutaron auditoríasviales sobre las intersecciones que habían representado mayorriesgo de lesiones y muertes en peatones. En cada lugar seevaluó el aforo peatonal, vehicular, los ciclos semafóricos, lascondiciones del medio ambiente físico y se tomaron archivosfotográficos. Resultados: se observó deficiencia de elementosdel medio ambiente físico: señalamientos desgastados sobrey al costado de la vía, mala visibilidad por ramas de árboles,vehículos estacionados indebidamente, paradas no autorizadasde transporte público, no uso de puentes peatonales y ciclossemafóricos deficientes. Conclusión: las auditorías viales sonherramientas procedentes y empleadas en la ingeniería deltránsito, poco usadas por los salubristas como técnicas paraprevenir LCT, en especial atropellamientos. Permiten diseñare implementar medidas de prevención primaria para disminuirlos riesgos de lesión en los usuarios más vulnerables de la víapública: los peatones...


Pedestrian injuries are a public health problem in Mexico.Represent more than 40% of the deaths reported as road trafficinjuries (rti). Likewise, they represent up to 60% of all RTIs inurban areas. Objective: To characterize and analyze the areaswith a high incidence of fatal and non-fatal pedestrian injuries inCuernavaca, Mexico. Methodology: a retrospective descriptivestudy in which street audits were conducted on the intersectionswith the highest risk of pedestrian fatality and injury. Pedestrianand vehicle equipment, light cycles and the features of thephysical environment were assessed for each place. These assessments were supplemented with photographic evidence.Results: deteriorating or missing physical environment elementswere observed, e.g. worn out signs on the road and beside it, poorvisibility due to the presence of tree branches, vehicles parkedin inappropriate locations, unauthorized public transport stops,lack of use of pedestrian bridges, and short traffic light cycles.Conclusions: road audits are tools used in traffic engineeringbut underutilized by public health professionals as techniquesto prevent rtis, particularly pedestrian injuries. These toolsfacilitate the design, planning and implementation of primaryprevention measures to reduce injury risks amongst the mostvulnerable users of public roads: pedestrians...


Subject(s)
Humans , Accident Prevention , Mexico , Wounds and Injuries
6.
Cad. saúde pública ; 30(5): 911-925, 05/2014. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-711828

ABSTRACT

Mediante la revisión de información secundaria oficial, publicaciones científicas y el análisis de la ENSANut-2012, este trabajo busca proveer una visión integral de la magnitud actual de las lesiones causadas por el tránsito (LCT) en México y analizar críticamente la respuesta social organizada. Las altas tasas de choques, lesiones, muertes y discapacidad atribuidas a este problema de salud pública, representan un elevado costo para la sociedad mexicana, en especial para los hogares. Se discute cómo la respuesta mexicana se ha enfocado a los automovilistas, dejando fuera a usuarios vulnerables de la vía pública y se ha privilegiado la implementación de estrategias poco efectivas. A pesar de que se dispone de legislación para los principales factores de riesgo, se ha descuidado su correcta aplicación. La estrategia mexicana podría fortalecerse implementando estrategias de movilidad seguras, equitativas, saludables y sostenibles para los diferentes actores de la vía pública. A pesar de los avances que se han dado en términos de prevención de LCT, existen aún retos y oportunidades para el país.


Based on a review of secondary data and the scientific literature and an analysis of the ENSANut-2012 database, the current study provides a comprehensive overview of the current burden of road traffic injuries (RTI) in Mexico and analyzes the country’s social response to RTI. The high collision, injury, mortality, and disability rates associated with this public health problem represent a high cost for Mexican society, especially for families. The paper argues that the Mexican response has focused on vehicle occupants while overlooking vulnerable road users and has prioritized strategies with limited effectiveness. Although the country’s existing legislation addresses the main risk factors, enforcement has been limited. Finally, the paper makes some recommendations for strengthening the Mexican strategy to prevent RTI, such as safe, equitable, healthy, and sustainable mobility for all types of road users. Despite some strides in RTI prevention, there are still challenges and opportunities to be addressed in the future.


Por meio da revisão oficial de informações secundárias, publicações científicas e da análise da ENSANut 2012, este trabalho visa a proporcionar uma visão abrangente da magnitude atual das lesões causadas pelo trânsito no México e analisar criticamente a resposta social organizada. Os altos índices de acidentes, lesões, mortes e invalidez atribuídos a esse problema de saúde pública representam um alto custo para a sociedade mexicana, especialmente para as famílias. Discutimos neste estudo como a resposta mexicana tem focado em motoristas, deixando de fora os usuários vulneráveis das vias, e tem favorecido a implementação de estratégias pouco efetivas. Embora exista legislação que abrange os principais fatores de risco, tem sido negligenciada a sua correta aplicação. A estratégia mexicana poderia ser fortalecida por meio da implementação de estratégias de mobilidade segura, equitativa, saudável e sustentável para os diferentes atores da vias. Apesar dos grandes avanços que foram feitos em termos de prevenção das lesões causadas pelo trânsito, ainda existem desafios e oportunidades para o país.


Subject(s)
Humans , Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data , Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology , Accidents, Traffic/economics , Accidents, Traffic/mortality , Mexico/epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Transportation , Wounds and Injuries/economics , Wounds and Injuries/mortality
7.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 32(1): 70-76, July 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-646455

ABSTRACT

Legislating five of the main risk factors for road traffic injuries (RTIs), as much as enforcing the law, is essential in forging an integral culture of road safety. Analysis of the level of progression in law enforcement allows for an evaluation of the state of world regions. A secondary analysis of the 2009 Global status report on road safety: time for action survey was undertaken to evaluate legislation on five risk factors (speed management, drinking and driving, motorcycle helmet use, seatbelt use, and use of child restraints) in the Americas. Laws were classified depending on their level of progression: the existence of legislation, whether the legislation is adequate, a level of law enforcement > 6 (on a scale of 0-10), and whether the law is considered comprehensive. A descriptive analysis was performed. The totality of the countries has national or subnational legislation for at least one of the five risk factors. However, 63% have laws on the five risk factors studied, and none of them has comprehensive laws for all five. Seatbelt use appears to be the most extended enforced legislation, while speeding laws appear to be the least enforced. There are positive efforts that should be recognized in the region. However, the region stands in different stages of progression. Law enforcement remains the main issue to be tackled. Laws should be based on evidence about what is already known to be effective.


La legislación sobre cinco de los principales factores de riesgo de sufrir lesiones causadas por el tránsito, así como el cumplimiento de la ley, son esenciales para forjar una cultura integral de seguridad vial. El análisis del nivel de progresión en el cumplimiento de la ley permite evaluar el estado de las regiones del mundo. Se llevó a cabo un análisis secundario de la encuesta Informe sobre la situación mundial de la seguridad vial: es hora de pasar a la acción, de 2009, para evaluar la legislación sobre cinco factores de riesgo (control de la velocidad, conducir bajo la influencia del alcohol, uso del casco al conducir motocicletas, uso de cinturones de seguridad y uso de sistemas de retención para niños) en las Américas. Las leyes se clasificaron según su nivel de progresión: la existencia de legislación, si la legislación es adecuada, un nivel de cumplimiento de la ley > 6 (en una escala de 0-10) y si la ley se considera integral. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo. Todos los países tienen legislación nacional o subnacional al menos con respecto a uno de los cinco factores de riesgo; sin embargo, 63% tienen leyes sobre los cinco factores de riesgo estudiados, y ninguno de ellos tiene leyes integrales para los cinco. La legislación sobre uso de cinturones de seguridad parece ser la de mayor cumplimiento, mientras que las leyes de exceso de velocidad parecen ser las que menos se cumplen. En la región hay esfuerzos positivos que deben reconocerse; sin embargo, existen diferentes etapas de progresión. El cumplimiento de la ley sigue siendo el principal tema por abordar. Las leyes deben basarse en datos de eficacia reconocida.


Subject(s)
Humans , Motor Vehicles/legislation & jurisprudence , Safety/legislation & jurisprudence , Accidents, Traffic/legislation & jurisprudence , Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control , Alcohol Drinking/legislation & jurisprudence , Americas , Automobile Driving/legislation & jurisprudence , Child Restraint Systems , Data Collection , Head Protective Devices , Law Enforcement , Motorcycles/legislation & jurisprudence , Risk Factors , Seat Belts/legislation & jurisprudence
8.
Salud pública Méx ; 53(4): 320-328, jul.-ago. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-601190

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Comparar y analizar las principales características de los peatones asociadas con muertes por atropellamiento en la Ciudad de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Diseño transversal comparativo que emplea registros de muertes por atropellamiento en la Ciudad de México durante dos periodos iguales 1994-1997 y 2004-2007.Variables analizadas: sexo, edad, lugar de residencia y de ocurrencia,escolaridad y cohorte de nacimiento.Se elaboraron razones estandarizadas de mortalidad por delegación. RESULTADOS: La mortalidad por atropellamientos en 2004-2007 desciende 17.5 por ciento y la tasa en 1.9/100.000 habitantes respecto del primer periodo. El descenso es mayor en hombres (4,6/100.000) que en mujeres (1,2/100,000). El riesgo se concentra en cuatro delegaciones, para ambos períodos. CONCLUSIONES: La metodología permite observar cambios significativos entre los periodos analizados y genera la necesidad del análisis por sexo. Los resultados plantean nuevas preguntas a resolver con otros diseños encaminados a la prevención de este problema de salud pública.


OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze the main characteristics associated with pedestrian injuries mortality in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A crossectional design was done using the mortality database related with pedestrian fatality during the periods 1994-1997 and 2004-2007. Variables as sex, age, residence, education and place of evento ccurrence were analyzed. Standardized mortality ratios by delegation were used to the analysis. RESULTS: There was a reduction during 2004-2007 at least 17.5 percent in deaths by pedestrian injuries and mortality rate of 1.9/100.000 inhabitants on the first period.The high decrease was in men (4,6/100.000) than in women (1,2/100.000). (p<0,05). Four delegations presented the highest risk of pedestrian injuries death during both periods. CONCLUSIONS: Results show significant changes among both periods. Differences by sex pointed out the need of a differential analysis of the problem. Contribute to elaborate new research questions to be addressed in the future to work on the prevention of this public health problem.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Accidents, Traffic/mortality , Wounds and Injuries/mortality , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mexico/epidemiology , Urban Health , Walking
9.
Salud pública Méx ; 52(6): 502-510, Nov.-Dec. 2010. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-572710

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO. Analizar los motivos de uso y no uso de puentes peatonales (PP). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Se empleó un diseño transversal, a partir de una muestra de peatones usuarios y no usuarios de PP; se utilizó regresión logística para identificar los factores que influyen en el uso y no uso de PP. RESULTADOS. La prevalencia de no uso fue 50.5 por ciento en 813 peatones entrevistados; la principal razón para usar PP fue "seguridad", del no uso fue "flojera". Hubo diferencias significativas al analizar motivos de no uso de PP en las edades de 19 a 36 años, ajustando por escolaridad y características físicas del PP, con RMa. 1.7 (IC95 por ciento 1.06-2.86) y RMa. 1.9 (IC95 por ciento 1.14-3.33), respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES. Los resultados de este estudio permiten identificar aspectos importantes a considerar desde la perspectiva de los peatones, antes de construir nuevos PP, así como aquéllos que deben mejorarse para incrementar su uso en zonas de alto riesgo de lesiones por atropellamiento.


OBJECTIVE. To analyze the motives for using and not using pedestrian bridges (PB). MATERIAL AND METHODS. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of a sample of pedestrian users and non-users of PB; a logistic regression model was used to analyze the motives for use and non-use. RESULTS. The prevalence of non-use was 50.5 percent of 813 surveyed pedestrians; the principal reason to use a PB was safety, and not to use it was "laziness". There were significant differences when analyzing the reason of non-use in the age groups 19 to 36 years, adjusted for education and physical characteristics of the PB ([aOR=1.7; 95 percent CI=1.06-2.86] and [ORa.1.9; 95 percent CI=1.14-3.33], respectively). CONCLUSIONS. The results of this study allow us to identify important aspects to consider "from the perspective of the pedestrians" when constructing new PB and improving existing PB to increase use in areas with a high risk of pedestrian injuries.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , City Planning , Motivation , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Walking/psychology , Accident Prevention , Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dangerous Behavior , Mexico , Sampling Studies , Walking/statistics & numerical data
10.
Salud pública Méx ; 50(supl.1): s60-s68, 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-479143

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Analizar el efecto de una intervención educativa dirigida a incrementar el conocimiento sobre causas y factores de riesgo de accidentes de tránsito de vehículos de motor (ATVM) en jóvenes de la ciudad de Cuernavaca. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó un diseño cuasi-experimental en estudiantes de 15 a 19 años inscritos en preparatorias y universidades. La intervención educativa incluyó mensajes de radio, trípticos, pendones, carteles y tarjetas postales. La medida del efecto se estableció en los cambios en el conocimiento de factores de riesgo: velocidad, alcohol y uso de cinturón de seguridad, con base en la metodología de análisis factorial. RESULTADOS: Se observó un cambio significativo en el nivel de conocimiento (p=0.000) en 700 alumnos de 16 planteles educativos. CONCLUSIONES: Las intervenciones educativas representan un primer grupo de medidas para lograr cambios de conocimiento y conducta poblacionales. El presente estudio aporta una metodología para medir a corto plazo los cambios en el conocimiento sobre riesgos relacionados con el principal problema que afecta a los jóvenes mexicanos.


OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of an educative intervention intended to increase the knowledge of causes and risk factors associated with road traffic iinjries in the city of Cuernavaca. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental study design was administered to students from 16 to 19 years old in colleges and universities in the city of Cuernavaca. The educative intervention included radio spots, banners, pamphlets, posters and cards. The measure of impact was established as changes in knowledge about speed, alcohol and the use of seat belts, using factor analysis methodologies. RESULTS: A significant change in the level of knowledge (p= 0.000) was observed in 700 students from 16 institutions. CONCLUSIONS: Educative interventions represent an initial strategy for changes in knowledge and population behaviours. The present study offers an appropriate methodology to measure short-term changes in knowledge about risk factors associated with a significant problem affecting Mexican youth.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control , Health Education , Wounds and Injuries/prevention & control , Surveys and Questionnaires , Wounds and Injuries/etiology
11.
Salud ment ; 29(6): 57-64, nov.-dic. 2006.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-985986

ABSTRACT

resumen está disponible en el texto completo


Abstract: Introduction Violence is recognized as a Public Health problem around the world. In the specific case of Intímate Partner Abuse, which occurs at home, women are particularly vulnerable to be abused by their partners. In Mexico, as in other countries in Latin America, the systematic study of violence towards women is incipient. However, it is a highly predominant problem, which has a big impact on women's health, and represents a significant challenge to the Health System demanding health care due to intentional injuries. This paper analyzed information generated by the first National Survey of violence against women in 2003 (ENVIM, by his name in Spanish). Objective The main objective is to identify the factors associated with the health services utilization by women, because of partner abuse. Methodology A cross-sectional design was used, including women users of health care services on public institutions all over the country in 2003. Intimate partner abuse was defined as "the repetitive event of abuse from the male partner side towards the woman, that is characterized by coercive conducts that could include physical, emotional or sexual violence". It was measure in a scale of 27 items, using the Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA) and the Severity of Violence against Women Scale (SVAWS). Both indexes were vali-dated previously in Mexican population. A factorial analysis was used and the factors that explain the variability were obtained. The selection of women to be interviewed was done using a probabilistic stratify biethapic sample. For the first one, medical unites were selected, and for the second, women over 14 years old who went to those medical unities to demand any kind of health care services. The ethic considerations were resolved using the next procedures: participants received information about the research objectives and signed an informant consent letter endorsed by the ethical committee of the Institution. They also received a brochure with information about the local institutions where they can go in case of abuse. Interviewers trained in technical areas as well as abuse management using a questionnaire on private spaces did the data collection. The answer rate was of 98%. The analyzed variables were Socio demographic, search of support on the health staff or reasons for not doing this. An index of socio-economic level categorized as very low, medium and high. Type of institution and services used. The dependent variable was utilization of the health services to attend the injuries due to a partner abuse event, during the last 12 months. The analysis used was simple and bivariate using chi square, and binary logistic regression model. The final model included the variables that in the binary showed a value of p<0.25. We ad-justed the model using the Goodness of Fit Test of Pearson. Results From 24,958 women that utilized public health services 21% reported to have had a partner abuse event in the last year. From these, only 7.3% utilized health services. The more important variables were: age between 25 to 34 years old, elementary schooling and women having a job. Of the sample 94% belong to the very low and medium socio-economic levels; almost half of them (47%) do not have health insurance. More than 80% have a partner at present; 7.6% reported severe violence. From those who had injuries, 72% declared to have had just one minor injury (bruises, body aches), 25.5% reported more than one type of injuries, from which 10.8% were severe and required surgery or hospitalization. The type of injuries that demand more utilization of health services were those subsequent to sexual abuse as genital infection and genital bleeding. Only 45% of the women users' report to have medical insurance. Less than 6% of abused women talked with the health staff about their abuse situation and the main reason was the lack of trust. The factors associated to the utilization of health services were ages over 24 years(ORA 1.57, CI 95% 1.9 - 2.06) alcohol intake by the women (ORA =1.66 CI 95% 1.57-1.75) High Socio economic status (ORA =1.29 CI95% 1.07-1.54). The model was adjusted by severity index and to having medical insurance. There were not significative interactions (p>0.15) and the global adjusted model was p= 0.23. Discussion and conclusions There is a low percentage of abused women injured that utilize formal medical care. This is a very important result for the identification of prevention and control strategies of the partner abuse problem in the health services. The study shows the existence of different types of injuries or medical problems such as genital infections and bleedings, fainting spells, body aches that provoked on one hand that women did not seek medical attention immediately and on the other that the health staff could not identify this kind of health problems with intimate partner abuse. There is a group of more vulnerable women who do not use health services to take care of the consequences of abuse, because they are uninsured. This inequality reveals that it is urgent to provide support services to poor women in the country. The finding about the difficulty for battered women to report their injuries to the health staff because of their lack of trust, agrees with different studies that report the different obstacles found by abused women in facing the health services. The last situation reveals the obstacles to be solved for the NOM implementation too. It is important to mention the study limitations related with the design utilized, and the selection bias due to the inclusion only of users of services. This situation leaves at one side women with less resources, who confront big obstacles for the utilization of health services, and at the other, women from high socio-economic levels, who utilize private health services; therefore there is no accuracy the point out differences. The way in which the question about the utilization of health services was made, makes it difficult to know the number of times these were used. This variable must be explored in future studies. The information generated by the ENVIM allows the Health Sector to define identification-attention strategies of battered women and provides information about the importance of training the health staff to generate trust among in partner-abused women.

12.
Salud pública Méx ; 48(supl.2): s250-s258, 2006. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-436455

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores asociados al malestar emocional en una muestra nacional de usuarias de servicios de salud del sector público: Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó la base de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Violencia contra las Mujeres en México, donde se aplicaron 26 042 encuestas a usuarias de los servicios de salud de la SSA. Se utilizó la Escala de Salud Personal (ESP) para medir malestar emocional,; también se usó una escala de 19 reactivos que explora tipos de violencia y severidad de la misma. Mediante un modelo de regresión logística binaria se determinó la relación entre la presencia de malestar y la violencia de género, condiciones socioeconómicas y otras variables demográficas. RESULTADOS: Entre los más relevantes está la identificación de la prevalencia de malestar emocional (15.3 por ciento) entre las mujeres que acuden a solicitar servicios de salud al sector público, y la relación de este malestar emocional generalizado con la experiencia de diferentes tipos de violencia de género. Los resultados sugieren que los factores asociados con el malestar emocional de la mujeres que recurren a los servicios de salud fueron: la edad (26 años o >); la actividad (jornalera o peona), y las horas laborales (71 a la semana o >);el consumo de alcohol (mayor consumo); el maltrato en la infancia (frecuencia y diversos tipos de maltrato); la severidad de la violencia de pareja (violencia severa), el estrato socioeconómico (muy bajo) y el tipo de localidad de residencia (localidades urbanas). CONCLUSIONES: El predictor más importante del malestar emocional entre las usuarias del sector salud fue sufrir la violencia de pareja, sobre todo cuando ésta es severa, seguida de la violencia en la niñez. Así entonces, se propone utilizar herramientas de tamizaje en los servicios de salud, tanto de malestar emocional como de violencia intrafamiliar. Además, se propone diseñar y poner en marcha programas de atención y referencia de casos de malestar emocional femenino y de violencia intrafamiliar.


OBJECTIVE: To identify and describe the factors associated with emotional distress in a national sample of women users of public health services in Mexico, such a Secretaria de Salud (SSA), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This research study was conducted using the database of the National Survey of Violence against Women that consisted of the responses of a total of 26 042 female users of health care services provided by the Mexican government health agencies. The Personal Health Scale (ESP per its initials in Spanish) was used to assess emotional distress. To measure violence a 19-item scale which explores different types of violence as well as severity was used. The relationship between emotional distress and gender violence was determined through a binary logistic regression model, as were economic status and demographic variables. RESULTS: One of the most important findings of this study is the high prevalence of emotional distress (15.3 percent) among women seeking health care services from the public sector and the relationship of such emotional distress with the experience of marital physical, psychological, and sexual violence. Factors associated with emotional distress among female users of health care services were age (26 and older); activity (laborer); working hours (71 hours a week or more); alcohol intake (greater intake); abuse during childhood (frequency and types of abuse); severity of marital violence (severe violence); socioeconomic status (very low SES); and type of dwelling (urban). CONCLUSIONS: The principal predictor of emotional distress was intimate partner abuse, especially in severe expression. The next predictor was violence in childhood. Taking into consideration these predictors it is recommended to use screening instruments to identify emotional distress and gender violence in health setting. It is important to design and implement attention and reference programs in public health services for women suffering from emotional distress and gender violence.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Battered Women/statistics & numerical data , Spouse Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Stress, Psychological/epidemiology , Health Services , Mexico , Multivariate Analysis , Public Sector , Stress, Psychological/etiology
13.
Salud pública Méx ; 47(1): 30-38, ene.-feb. 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-414983

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO:Identificar los factores asociados con la gravedad de las lesiones ocurridas en la vía pública en personas que demandaron atención médica de urgencia en tres hospitales de la ciudad de Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal efectuado en la ciudad de Cuernavaca, estado de Morelos, durante los meses de febrero a abril de 2001. Incluyó individuos lesionados que demandaron atención a hospitales o que fallecieron en el lugar del accidente. Variables: edad, sexo, ingesta de alcohol, día y hora de ocurrencia, atención pre-hospitalaria, causa externa, tipo de lesión y gravedad con base en la Escala Abreviada de Lesiones. Se utilizó análisis simple bivariado y multivariado. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 492 lesionados, de los cuales 23 fallecieron en el lugar. La principal causa externa fue accidentes de tránsito (52 por ciento), 72 por ciento de los lesionados fueron leves. La variable asociada con gravedad fue accidentes de tránsito (RM 6.59, IC95 por ciento 2.52-17.23), ajustada por edad y escolaridad. CONCLUSIONES: Los accidentes de tránsito de vehículos de motor son los que provocan el mayor número de lesionados graves. El uso de la Escala Abreviada de Lesiones facilita el estudio de su magnitud y distribución de gravedad.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mexico/epidemiology , Multivariate Analysis , Risk Factors , Trauma Severity Indices , Urban Health/statistics & numerical data
14.
Salud pública Méx ; 40(4): 347-53, jul.-ago. 1998. ilus, mapas
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-241110

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Conocer el panorama de las muertes por envenenamiento en niños de 0-14 años ocurridas en la República mexicana, entre 1979 y 1994. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron fuentes secundarias. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, año, causa externa de traumatismo y envenenamientos, de la IX Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades: E850-E858, E860-E869 y E905, Mediante un modelo de regresión Poisson se analizaron tendencias por causa específica y se obtuvieron riesgos relativos según edad, sexo y entidad federativa. Resultados. Hubo un total de 11 272 defunciones en menores de 15 años; las principales causas fueron el envenenamiento y las reacciones tóxicas causadas por plantas y animales venenosos (E905), el envenenamiento accidental por otras drogas (E858). El grupo de edad que presentó los mayores riesgos, para las causas mencionadas, fue el de menores de un año con un riesgo relativo (RR) de 29.6, IC95 por ciento 29.2-33.4; RR 3.47, IC95 por ciento 2.86-4.22, y RR 31.86, IC95 por ciento 24.8-40.9. El riesgo fue similar en ambos sexos, salvo para la causa E905. El estado de Aguascalientes se situó sistemáticamente entre los de mayor riesgo para todas las causas analizadas, mientras que Nuevo León siempre se ubicó entre los de riesgo más bajo. Conclusiones. El envenenamiento constituye una importante causa de muerte en los niños; el riesgo se incrementa al disminuir la edad. Considerando que esas muertes son potencialmente evitables y que la mayor parte de los envenenamientos ocurren en el hogar, para prevenirlos, se recomienda a los familiares vigilar y mantener fuera de peligro al niño. Por otra parte, la multicausalidad del fenómeno requiere que su prevención se realice desde una perspectiva multidisciplinaria que genera una cultura y un ambiente de seguridad en la sociedad


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Poisoning/mortality , Risk , Cause of Death , Mexico/epidemiology
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